笔芯的构造与原理 一、笔芯的构造 笔芯是书写工具的核心部分，其结构相对简单但精密。一支常见的笔芯主要由以下部分组成： 1. 笔尖：笔尖是笔芯的最前端，负责与纸张接触并形成字迹。根据不同的需求，笔尖的材质和形状有所不同，如钢尖、碳化钨尖等。 2. 墨水/油墨：这是笔芯的“血液”，负责在书写时提供颜色和墨迹。墨水/油墨通常储存在笔芯的内部，并通过毛细作用和压力传递到笔尖。 3. 护芯管：位于墨水/油墨外部的护芯管起着保护墨水并帮助控制墨水流动的作用。它还起到了稳定和固定内部结构的作用。 4. 尾部配件：笔芯的尾部通常包含一个固定环和一个排气孔。固定环用于固定笔芯在笔杆中的位置，而排气孔则用于平衡笔芯内外压力，防止墨水泄漏。 二、笔芯的工作原理 笔芯的工作原理主要依赖于毛细作用和压力差。

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1. 毛细作用：当我们将笔尖接触纸张时，由于墨水/油墨的表面张力，它会自动沿笔尖向上爬升，并在接触到纸张时形成字迹。这种表面张力是由分子间的吸引力引起的。 2. 压力差：当我们在书写时，施加一定的压力使笔尖压在纸张上，这样墨水/油墨就会在压力差的作用下从笔尖流出。同时，护芯管的作用是控制墨水的流动速度和方向，防止墨水泄漏。 三、英文翻译 The Structure and Principle of Pen Refills The pen refill is the core part of the writing tool, with a relatively simple but precise structure. A common pen refill is mainly composed of the following parts: 1. Pen tip: The pen tip is the front end of the pen refill, responsible for contacting with the paper and forming the writing. Depending on different needs, the material and shape of the pen tip vary, such as steel tips and tungsten carbide tips. 2. Ink/oil: This is the "blood" of the pen refill, responsible for providing color and ink during writing. The ink/oil is usually stored inside the pen refill and is transferred to the pen tip through capillary action and pressure. 3. Guard tube: The guard tube located outside the ink/oil serves to protect the ink and help control the flow of the ink. It also plays a role in stabilizing and fixing the internal structure. 4. Tail components: The tail of the pen refill usually includes a fixing ring and an exhaust port. The fixing ring is used to fix the position of the pen refill in the pen barrel, while the exhaust port is used to balance the pressure inside and outside the pen refill to prevent ink leakage. The working principle of the pen refill mainly relies on capillary action and pressure difference.

The capillary action occurs when we bring the pen tip into contact with the paper. Due to the surface tension of the ink/oil, it automatically climbs up along the pen tip and forms writing when it touches the paper. This surface tension is caused by the attractive force between molecules.

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When we write, we apply a certain amount of pressure to press the pen tip onto the paper, so that the ink/oil flows out under the effect of pressure difference. At the same time, the role of the guard tube is to control the flow rate and direction of the ink to prevent ink leakage.